Current Range: Kauaʻi, Maui, Molokaʻi, Hawaiʻi Island

Region of origin: Europe

Date of first introduction: 1793 (Hawaiʻi island), 1806 (Maui)

Average size: Female - 250 to 350 kg, Male - 350 to 450 kg* (49 to 81% smaller than domestic stock)*

Litter frequency: 1 per year

Litter size: 1 to 2 (twinning rare)

Home range: 46.6 ± 2.6 km   (4 to 15 times larger than domestic cattle)*

Diet: Opportunistic grazer 

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References (*obtained from studies outside of Hawaʻi): Bertaeux and Micol 1992, Hernandez et al. 1999, Rozzi and Lomolino 2017

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